*For some verbs, such as sleep, freeze, and eat, a pair of vowels changes instead of just a single vowel. Pay special attention to the vowel changes and different endings. In the table below you'll find several examples of how the irregular past tense and past participles are formed. Many irregular past participles end in -en, but, similarly to the past tense, they can also end in -t, -ck, -d, -e, -g, or -ght.
For example, many irregular past participles require you to add an -en, -n, or -ne ending ( drive → drive n). However, the vowel or ending is often (but not always) different from the past tense form. Just like the irregular past tense, irregular past participles can be formed by changing a vowel, adding a new ending, or doing both. Often, when the base ends in -ck, -e, -g, -ght, or -n, the past tense will keep that final letter or set of letters. Sometimes you'll add -d ( sell → sol d) or -ght ( catch → cau ght) instead. One of the most common irregular past tense endings is -t ( sweep → swep t).
Eat, for example, turns into at e in the past tense. Other verbs require you to change a vowel and add a new ending. The verb dr ive, for example, changes to dr ove in the past tense. With the irregular past tense, it is common for a vowel in the middle of the verb to change instead of the verb's ending. Let's take a closer look at how the irregular past tense and past participles are formed. You'll learn more about this concept later in this lesson.
Beg an (base form, beg in) and fr oze (base form, fr eeze) are a two good examples.
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